Glass Notes, A Reference For The Glass Artist Download Pdf [UPDATED]
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Makes an imageappear as if it were being viewed through different types of glass.You can choose a glass effect or create your own glass surface asa Photoshop file and apply it. You can adjust scaling, distortion,and smoothness settings. When using surface controls with a file,follow the instructions for the Displace filter.
The Glass House is best understood as a pavilion for viewing the surrounding landscape. Invisible from the road, the house sits on a promontory overlooking a pond with views towards the woods beyond. The house is 55 feet long and 33 feet wide, with 1,815 square feet. Each of the four exterior walls is punctuated by a centrally located glass door that opens onto the landscape. The house, which ushered the International Style into residential American architecture, is iconic because of its innovative use of materials and its seamless integration into the landscape. Philip Johnson, who lived in the Glass House from 1949 until his death in 2005, conceived of it as half a composition, completed by the Brick House. Both buildings were designed in 1945-48.
A glass stirring rod, glass rod, stirring rod or stir rod is a piece of laboratory equipment used to mix chemicals. They are usually made of solid glass, about the thickness and slightly longer than a drinking straw, with rounded ends.
Stir rods are generally made of borosilicate (commonly known as Pyrex) glass or polypropylene plastic. They are usually between 10 and 40 centimeters in length and about half a centimeter in diameter. Glass rods are created from a single length of thin glass that is then cut into smaller segments. The ends are generally rounded (for example, by flame polishing) to prevent scratching the surface of glassware during use, which may lead to cracks if the glassware is later heated.[1] Other shapes are possible, such as a flat paddle which can be used to circulate sediment, a triangular paddle to imitate a rubber policeman or a round button used to crush solids.[2][3]
Stir rods are used as part of proper laboratory technique when decanting supernatants because the contact helps to negate the adhesion between the side of the glassware and the supernatant that is responsible for the liquid running down the side. Using a stir rod also grants more control over the rate of flow, which is important in cases where chemicals may react violently. This process is also used to pour a large-mouthed flask or beaker into a test tube.[4]
This experiment introduces students to the concept of an index of refraction in a liquid. Glass rods are placed in beakers of liquid, in this case oil and water. In water, the glass rods are visible because the refractive index of water is different for water and glass. In the oil, however, the glass rods seem to disappear because they have a refractive index very similar to that of glass, so the light doesn't bend as it crosses the glass/oil interface. [6]
Glass rods can also be used to demonstrate electrification by friction. This occurs when there are two surfaces rubbing together. In this instance, rubbing a glass rod with silk transfers negative charge from it. This effect is known as the triboelectric effect and can be performed with a variety of materials.[7] Because glass rods and silk are relatively common, they are often chosen to demonstrate this effect.
The spectrum of bone lesions can be classified into three primary bony patterns: cystic, sclerotic and mixed. A typical FD lesion in the axial skeleton appear as an area of radiolucent ground glass matrix, which is usually smooth and homogeneous, not centrally located within medullary bone. Craniofacial FD typically demonstrates dense and sclerotic lesions (Fig. 4). FD lesions can vary in size from a small, focal abnormality to a large lesion, perhaps involving most or all of a long bone (Fig. 5). Delicate fine trabeculae can be seen within FD lesions. The lesions usually cause cortical thinning due to enlarged fibro-osseous masses within the bone. The periosteal reaction is not usually present unless it is associated with a pathological fracture. Although endosteal scalloping may be present, a smooth outer cortical contour is always maintained. The lesion may undergo expansile remodelling secondary to the enlarging mass of fibro-osseous tissue. A thick layer of sclerotic bone is known as a rind sign (Fig. 5e). The sclerotic margins can vary in thickness and may be interrupted or incomplete. Small islands of cartilage, which later ossify and are seen as dense punctate or flocculent calcifications within FD lesions, can also be seen. This combination of enchondromata within an FD lesion, referred to as fibro cartilaginous dysplasia, is most frequently seen in the proximal femur.
In children younger than 2 years, FD lesions in the appendicular skeleton often appear heterogeneous on radiographs and lack the classic ground glass appearance [11]. With time, mesenchymal cells that carry GNAS mutations undergo apoptosis, leading to a decreased number of FD cells and, thus, changing the classic radiographical appearance of ground glass to a more dense and sclerotic pattern (Fig. 12) [5]. Craniofacial lesions in older individuals typically become less homogeneous on CT, developing discrete radiolucent, cystic-appearing areas (Fig. 13). Rapid expansion of lesions is concerning for possible malignant transformation or ABC development.
Because presbyopia is caused by age-related changes to the lens of the eye, it isn't preventable or reversible. But experts say that the right pair of reading glasses, including those readily available at retailers like a dollar store or pharmacy, can help bring small print and other objects, like your smartphone screen, back into focus.
Experts say the best way to determine what strength you need in the first place is with a yearly eye exam, which can tell you what power (notated with a number like +1.00 or +2.50) you need. The higher the number is, the stronger the glasses are.
Another thing to keep in mind is the activity you'll be using the reading glasses for. Working on the computer, for example, typically takes place at a greater distance than reading a book, and thus requires a lower strength.
The over-the-counter route isn't right for everyone, Reynolds says, including people who have astigmatism (meaning the eye's cornea or lens isn't perfectly round) and those who need a different strength for each eye. In those cases, prescription reading glasses from the eye doctor are a better option.
The most popular choice of prescription reading glasses are progressive lenses, Reynolds says. They combine multiple prescriptions in one lens, with a gradual top-to-bottom change, allowing someone to wear just one pair of glasses to correct far-away, middle-distance and up-close vision.
For people who otherwise have no vision problems, Andreoli says that reading-glass lenses that are clear (nonprescription) on top are another popular option available from the eye doctor. They can be worn continuously and eliminate the need to take your reading glasses on and off throughout the day.
Most of the glassware items listed in these sections are from our past sales, and are no longer available to buy. To see all antique + vintage collectable glass that we currently have in stock, please:
Photo: Glass riddle: How does something transparent to light appear colored? The colors in this glass aren't really there! Glass lenses refract (bend) light rays of different wavelengths by different amounts, causing spectral colors to appear. This is a closeup of a Fresnel lens from a lighthouse.
Believe it or not, glass is made from liquid sand. You canmake glass by heating ordinary sand (which is mostly made of silicondioxide) until it melts and turns into a liquid. You won't find thathappening on your local beach: sand melts at the incredibly hightemperature of 1700°C (3090°F).
Glass is such a popular material in our homesbecause it has all kinds of really useful properties. Apart frombeing transparent, it's inexpensive to make, easy to shape when it'smolten, reasonably resistant to heat when it's set, chemically inert(so a glass jar doesn't react with the things you put inside it), andit can be recycled any number of times.
Photo: Stained glass is made by adding salts of metals such as iron, manganese, chromium, and tin to the ingredients of molten glass to give it a variety of attractive colors. This stained glass window, designed by artist Edward Burne-Jones, is in St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham, England.
In a commercial glass plant, sandis mixed with waste glass (from recycling collections), soda ash(sodium carbonate), and limestone (calcium carbonate) and heated in afurnace. The soda reduces the sand's melting point, which helps tosave energy during manufacture, but it has an unfortunate drawback:it produces a kind of glass that would dissolve in water! Thelimestone is added to stop that happening. The end-product is called soda-lime-silica glass. It's the ordinary glass wecan see all around us.
Once the sand is melted, it is either poured intomolds to make bottles, glasses, and other containers, or "floated"(poured on top of a big vat of molten tin metal) to make perfectly flatsheets of glass for windows.
Photo: Perfectly flat panes of glass of uniform thickness are made by floating molten glass on giant tanks filled with molten tin. After cooling and solidifying, the glass is cut to whatever size is needed.
Unusual glass containers are still sometimes madeby "blowing" them. A "gob" (lump) of molten glass is wrappedaround an open pipe, which is slowly rotated. Air is blown throughthe pipe's open end, causing the glass to blow up like a balloon.With skillful blowing and turning, all kinds of amazing shapes can bemade.
Photo: Borosilicate glass, such as this PYREX® jug (back), can withstand extreme changes of temperature, unlike normal glass (front), which shatters. The ordinary glass jar at the front is quite a bit thinner and considerably lighter. You can also see,very clearly that the borosilicate glass is a slightly blueish color (as is the boron oxide from which it's made). 2b1af7f3a8